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细菌耐药性的产生是临床上广泛应用抗生素的结果，而抗生素的滥用则加速了这一过程
抗生素的滥用使得处于平衡状态的抗菌药物和细菌耐药之间的矛盾被破坏，具有耐药能力的细菌也通过不断的进化与变异，获得针对不同抗菌药物耐药的能力，这种能力在矛盾斗争中不断强化，细菌逐步从单一耐药到多重耐药甚至泛耐药，最终成为耐药超级细菌
1
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌是超级细菌中最著名的，由医院获得感染或社区获得感染，现在极其常见，可引起皮肤、肺部、血液和关节的感染
2
耐万古霉素肠球菌肠球菌属感染作为一种引起医院感染的主要致病菌已经引起医学界的广泛关注，美国全国医院感染监测与控制系统将其列为医院感染的第2大病原菌
3
携带有NDM-1基因的大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌NDM-1全称为新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶-1，是超级细菌携带的一种耐药性基因，它能够中和β-内酰胺类抗生素，使细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生抗药性
NDM-1超级细菌具有：①极强的耐药性这大大增加了由其引起的感染的治疗难度；②“传染性”常见的耐药细菌并不能将耐药基因“传”给其他细菌，而NDM-1基因却可以在不同细菌间转移，传递抗性
目前发现的NDM-1主要存在于肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠杆菌中
这两种细菌本是十分常见的细菌，正常情况下并不致病，当它们获得了NDM-1基因后就摇身变成了几乎坚不可摧的超级细菌
1
细菌产生灭活酶或钝化酶，破坏抗生素的结构，使其失去活性 2 改变抗生素作用的靶位蛋白结构和数量，使细菌对抗生素不再敏感 3 细菌细胞膜渗透性改变，使抗生素不能进入菌体内部 4 细菌主动药物外排泵作用，将抗生素排出菌体 5 细菌生物被膜的形成，降低抗生素作用 针对超级细菌的流行趋势，研发新型抗生素或新的治疗手段迫在眉睫 新型抗生素的研发周期长，且细菌耐药的发展速度远远快于新药的研发速度 而疫苗接种在人类健康史上对于控制严重致病菌的感染、流行起到了重要的作用，特异性疫苗将从源头上控制超级细菌的传播与感染 超级细菌与曾经大规模暴发流行的非典、甲型H1N1流感不一样，非典和甲型H1N1流感是由病毒引起的传染病，可以在人-人、人-动物之间传递 超级细菌引起的是细菌感染，不是传染病，而且一般发生在医院里，虽然它耐药性强，但致病力并不强 WHO建议勤洗手为一种防止传染的措施 
